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1940
Czechia
Antisemitism

“J” marking in identity documents

By order of the Reich Protector, the Interior Ministry instructed authorities to stamp a red “J” in Jewish identity cards. This administrative step made Jews instantly identifiable to police and bureaucrats, easing checks, harassment, and later the organisation of forced labour, ghettoization and deportations.

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1939 – 1945

Times of War and Genocide

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1945 – 1989

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1989 – 2004

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2004 – 2024

The European Union

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